语言学概念

语言学概念

1. Design feature: are features that define our human languages

2. Function: the use of language to communicate, to think

3. Etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics. Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential differentiations, just as was often the case with phonetic and phonemic analysis in linguistics proper

4. Emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics. An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone

5. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind

6. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history

7. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be

8. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are described

9. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning

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12. Duality: refers to the property of having two levels ,each of the two levels has its own Displacement: means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events Phatic communion: refers to the social interaction of language principles of organization and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication

13.Metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies

14.Macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines

15.Competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules

16. Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation

17.Langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker

18. Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics

19.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds

20.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved

21.Voicing: pronouncing a sound by vibrating the vocal cords

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